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Construction Contractors — AICPA Audit and Accounting Guide

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This Audit and Accounting Guide provides the latest information on accounting and auditing issues affecting the construction industry. Updated with conforming changes as of March 1, 2008, it includes guidance in planning and performing audits under the risk assessment standards (SAS Nos. 104-111).  This edition of the guide has also been conformed to reflect the Defining Professional Requirements standards (SAS No. 102 and SSAE No. 13). Furthermore, it provides additional guidance on the auditor’s responsibilities as set forth in SAS Nos. 112-114, including identifying and reporting internal control deficiencies, understanding the link between the auditor’s consideration of fraud and the auditor’s assessment of risk, dating of the management representation letter, and the auditor’s communications with those charged with governance.

The guide summarizes applicable requirements and practices, and delivers "how-to" advice for handling audit and accounting issues common to the construction industry.  It describes accounting requirements for construction-type contracts and accounting and consolidation requirements for joint ventures and variable interest entities, and includes discussion of other relevant financial statement considerations.  The appendices include examples of computing income earned under the percentage-of-completion method, illustrative financial statements (one for contractors using the completed contract method and one for contractors using the percentage-of-completion method), and an entire re-print of SOP 81-1, Accounting for Performance of Construction-Type and Certain Production-Type Contracts. The guide covers the following new accounting and auditing pronouncements:

  • Introduction to FASB Statement No. 160, Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements – an amendment of ARB No. 51
  • Expanded discussion of FASB Statement No. 157, Fair Value Measurements, including the related FASB Staff Positions recently issued, and FASB Statement No. 159, Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities—Including an amendment of FASB Statement No. 115
  • Discussion of key audit requirements of PCAOB Auditing Standard No. 5, An Audit of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting That is Integrated with an Audit of Financial Statements

For a topical listing of subject matter by chapter, click on the Table of Contents tab.

Table of Contents

  • Chapter 1: Industry Background
    • Nature and Significance of the Industry
    • Features of the Business Environment
      • Characteristics Common to Contractors
      • Types of Contracts
      • Bonding and the Surety Underwriting Process
      • Project Ownership and Rights of Lien
      • Contract Changes
      • Financing Considerations
      • Joint Ventures
      • Reporting for Financial and Income Tax Purposes
    • Typical Industry Operations
      • Preparing Cost Estimates and Bids
      • Entering into the Contract
      • Planning and Initiating the Project
    • Variations in Size and Methods of Operation
    • Project Management
  • Chapter 2: Accounting for Performance of Construction-Type Contracts
    • Basic Accounting Policy for Contracts
      • Percentage-of-Completion Method
      • Completed-Contract Method
    • Determining the Profit Center
    • Measuring the Extent of Progress Toward Completion
    • Income Determination - Revenue
    • Income Determination - Cost Elements
      • Accounting for Contract Costs
      • Precontract Costs
      • Cost Adjustments for Back Charges
      • Estimated Cost to Complete
    • Computation of Earned Income
    • Revised Estimates
    • Provisions for Anticipated Losses on Contracts
    • Selecting a Measure of Extent of Progress
    • Costs of Equipment and Small Tools
    • Fair Value Measurements
      • Definition of Fair Value
      • The Fair Value Hierarchy
      • Disclosures
      • Fair Value Option
      • Fair Value and Construction Industry Accounting
    • Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
    • Asset Retirement Obligations
    • Mandatorily Redeemable Stock
  • Chapter 3: Accounting for and Reporting Investments in Construction Joint Ventures
    • Accounting for Transactions With the Venture
      • Capital Contributions
      • Sales to a Venture
      • Presentation Practices in Reporting Investments in Ventures
    • Recommended Financial Statement Presentation Practices
      • Corporate Ventures
      • General Partnerships
      • Limited Partnerships
      • Undivided Interests
    • Determining Venturers' Percentage Ownership
    • Conforming the Accounting Principles of the Venture
    • Losses in Excess of a Venturer's Investment, Loans, and Advances
    • Disclosures in a Venturer's Financial Statements
  • Chapter 4: Financial Reporting by Affiliated Entities
    • Combined Financial Statements
    • Presentation of Separate Statements of Members of an Affiliated Group
  • Chapter 5: Differences Between Financial Accounting and Income Tax Accounting
    • Causes and Sources of Differences
    • Accounting Methods Acceptable for Income Tax Purposes
      • Cash Method
      • "Accrual" Method
  • Chapter 6: Financial Statement Presentation
    • Balance Sheet Classification
    • Guidelines for Classified Balance Sheets
      • General Guidance
      • Retentions Receivable and Payable
      • Investments in Construction Joint Ventures
      • Equipment
      • Excess Billings
      • Liabilities
      • Deferred Income Taxes
    • Offsetting or Netting Amounts
    • Disclosures in Financial Statements
      • Significant Accounting Policies
      • Revised Estimates
      • Backlog on Existing Contracts
      • Receivables
    • Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan
    • Disclosures of Certain Significant Risks and Uncertainties
    • Accounting for Weather Derivatives
  • Chapter 7: Auditing Within the Construction Industry
    • Audit Focus
    • Scope of Section
  • Chapter 8: Controls in the Construction Industry
    • Estimating and Bidding
    • Project Administration and Contract Evaluation
    • Job Site Accounting and Controls
    • Billing Procedures
    • Contract Costs
    • Contract Revenues
    • Construction Equipment
    • Claims, Extras, and Back Charges
    • Joint Ventures
    • Internal Audit Function
    • SEC Requirements for Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
      • Annual Reporting Requirements
      • Quarterly Reporting Requirements
  • Chapter 9: Planning the Audit, Considering Internal Control and Other Auditing Considerations
    • Scope of This Chapter
    • Planning and Other Auditing Considerations
      • Planning the Audit
      • Auditor’s Communication With Those Charged With Governance
      • Audit Risk
      • Planning Materiality
    • Use of Assertions in Obtaining Audit Evidence
    • Understanding the Entity, Its Environment, and Its Internal Control
      • Risk Assessment Procedures
      • Discussion Among the Audit Team
      • Understanding the Entity and Its Environment
      • Understanding of Internal Control
      • Assessment of Risks of Material Misstatement and the Design of Further Audit Procedures
      • Assessing the Risk of Material Misstatement
      • Designing and Performing Further Audit Procedures
      • Evaluating Misstatements
      • Audit Documentation
        • Audits Conducted in Accordance With GAAS
        • Audits Conducted in Accordance With PCAOB Standards
      • Auditing Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures
      • Identifying and Evaluating Control Deficiencies
      • Auditing Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures
  • Chapter 10: Major Auditing Procedures for Contractors
    • Job Site Visits and Interim Audit Procedures
    • Accounts Receivable
      • Unbilled Receivables
      • Retentions
      • Unapproved Change Orders and Claims
      • Contract Scope Changes
      • Contract Guarantees and Cancellation or Postponement Provisions
      • Collectibility
    • Liabilities Related to Contracts
    • Contract Costs
      • Costs Incurred to Date
      • Estimated Cost to Complete
    • Income Recognition
      • Evaluating the Acceptability of Income Recognition Methods
      • The Percentage-of-Completion Method
      • The Completed-Contract Method
      • Combining and Segmenting
      • Review of Earned Revenue
      • Analysis of Gross Profit Margins
    • Review of Backlog Information on Signed Contracts and Letters of Intent
    • Management Representations
  • Chapter 11: Other Audit Considerations
    • Affiliated Entities
      • Participation in Joint Ventures
      • Auditing Affiliated Companies and Related Party Transactions
    • Capitalization and Cash Flow
    • Types of Auditor's Reports on Financial Statements
    • Legal and Regulatory Considerations
      • State Statutes Affecting Construction Contractors
      • Governmental Prequalification Reporting
  • Chapter 12: Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement
    • The Importance of Exercising Professional Skepticism
    • Discussion Among Engagement Personnel Regarding the Risks of Material Misstatement Due to Fraud
    • Obtaining the Information Needed to Identify the Risks of Material Misstatement Due to Fraud
      • Considering Fraud Risk Factors
    • Identifying Risks That May Result in a Material Misstatement Due to Fraud
      • A Presumption That Improper Revenue Recognition Is a Fraud Risk
      • A Consideration of the Risk of Management Override of Controls
      • Key Estimates
    • Assessing the Identified Risks After Taking Into Account an Evaluation of the Entity's Programs and Controls That Address the Risks
    • Responding to the Results of the Assessment
    • Evaluating Audit Evidence
    • Responding to Misstatements That May Be the Result of Fraud
    • Communicating About Possible Fraud to Management, the Audit Committee, and Others
    • Documenting the Auditor's Consideration of Fraud
    • Practical Guidance
  • Appendix A: Statement of Position 81-1, Accounting for Performance of Construction-Type and Certain Production-Type Contracts
  • Appendix B: Illustrations of Segmenting Criteria
  • Appendix C: Computing Income Earned Under the Percentage-of-Completion Method
  • Appendix D: Examples of Computation of Income Earned
  • Appendix E: Example of Change in Accounting Estimate
  • Appendix F: Sample Financial Statements Percentage Contractors, Inc.
  • Appendix G: Sample Accompanying Information, Percentage Contractors, Inc.
  • Appendix H: Sample Financial Statements, Completed Contractors, Inc.
  • Appendix I: Statement of Position 98-5, Reporting on the Costs of Start-Up Activities
  • Appendix J: Information Sources
  • Appendix K: Statement on Auditing Standards Cross-Referenced to Professional Standards AU Sections - Transition Schedule
  • Appendix L: Schedule of Changes Made to Construction Contractors
  • Glossary

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Excerpts

Notice to Readers

This Audit and Accounting Guide presents recommendations of the AICPA Construction Contractors Guide Committee on the application of generally accepted auditing standards to audits of financial statements of construction contractors. This guide also presents the committee's recommendations on and descriptions of financial accounting and reporting principles and practice for construction contractors. The AICPA Accounting Standards Executive Committee (AcSEC) has found this guide to be consistent with existing standards and principles covered by Rule 202, ComplianceWith Standards (AICPA, Professional Standards, vol. 2, ET sec. 202), and Rule 203, Accounting Principles (AICPA, Professional Standards, vol. 2, ET sec. 203) of the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct. AICPA members should be prepared to justify departures from the accounting guidance in this guide, as discussed in paragraph .07 of AU section 411, The Meaning of Present Fairly in Conformity With Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (AICPA, Professional Standards, vol. 1).*

Auditing guidance included in an AICPA Audit and Accounting Guide is an interpretive publication pursuant to AU section 150, Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (AICPA, Professional Standards, vol. 1). Interpretive publications are recommendations on the application of Statements on Auditing Standards (SAS) in specific circumstances, including engagements for entities in specialized industries. An interpretive publication is issued under the authority of the Auditing Standards Board (ASB) after all ASB members have been provided an opportunity to consider and comment on whether the proposed interpretive publication is consistent with the SASs. The members of the ASB have found this guide to be consistent with existing SASs.

The auditor should be aware of and consider interpretive publications applicable to his or her audit. If an auditor does not apply the auditing guidance included in an applicable interpretive publication, the auditor should be prepared to explain how he or she complied with the SAS provisions addressed by such auditing guidance.

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Paperback 2008
Product# 012588
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